Beyond Coursera: An Executive’s Analysis of Andrew Ng’s Companies Shaping AI’s Future

A high-level executive analyzing complex AI data visualizations on a transparent screen in a modern corporate office, symbolizing strategic foresight in AI.

Andrew Ng is a co-founder of Coursera, a leading massive open online course platform. He is also the founder of Landing AI, a company that provides AI-powered SaaS products to the manufacturing industry, and the founder of AI Fund, a venture capital firm that builds new AI companies from scratch. Additionally, he was the founding lead of the Google Brain deep learning project.

The AI revolution is already here. It has reshaped industries and demands new thinking from global leaders. At the center of this shift is Andrew Ng, a visionary known for making AI education accessible through platforms like Coursera. However, for executives planning for 2025 and beyond, it’s vital to look beyond Coursera. To grasp his full impact, you must analyze the entire network of Andrew Ng’s companies.

This article offers a strategic analysis for leaders. We will break down how Ng’s ventures are actively shaping the global AI landscape. From his early work at Google Brain to the practical solutions at Landing AI and the forward-looking investments of AI Fund, his portfolio reveals a clear strategy for widespread AI adoption and innovation. Understanding the purpose behind these connected Andrew Ng companies provides a critical blueprint for leaders. It can help you scale your career, optimize your business, and get ahead of industry trends.

For professionals focused on career advancement, business growth, and staying competitive in sectors like Fintech, understanding Ng’s influence is essential. Let’s explore exactly why business leaders should track Andrew Ng’s ventures so closely and learn actionable strategies from his unique journey in AI.

Why Should Business Leaders Track Andrew Ng’s Ventures?

A male CEO in a modern boardroom thoughtfully viewing AI data visualizations on a transparent digital screen.
Photorealistic, professional photography of a diverse male CEO, mid-50s, wearing a sharp business suit, thoughtfully gazing at a large, transparent digital display showing complex AI-driven data visualizations and growth projections. He is in a modern, sleek corporate boardroom with city views in the background. The lighting is sophisticated, evoking a sense of foresight and strategic decision-making. High-quality stock photo style, corporate photography.

In 2025, business leaders face pressure to adapt to new technology. Artificial intelligence (AI) is what sets successful companies apart. Leaders must follow the key people shaping AI’s future. It’s a strategic need, not an option. Among these experts, Andrew Ng is a leading voice. His work offers useful ideas, future-focused thinking, and clear plans for executives. Ignoring his influence is a major competitive risk.

Catalyzing Practical AI Transformation Across Industries

Andrew Ng’s company, Landing AI, helps executives with a common problem. They need to move AI from a test phase to real-world use. Many companies find it hard to use AI well. Ng’s idea is to focus on data-centric AI. This means shifting from just improving AI models to carefully improving data quality [1]. This approach changes everything for real-world AI projects.

  • Making AI Easier to Use: Ng’s approach breaks down complex AI projects. This makes AI easier for people who are not AI experts.
  • Getting Real Results: By focusing on data, companies build more dependable AI systems. This leads to better efficiency and new ways to make money.
  • Avoiding Costly Mistakes: Leaders get a guide to avoid common AI problems. This saves money and time spent on models that don’t work.

Actionable Strategy: Look at your company’s current AI projects. Are you focused on models or improving your data? Changing to a data-first mindset can create huge value for your business by 2026.

Guiding the Global AI talent Pipeline

The demand for AI talent is growing fast. Andrew Ng has had a huge impact on AI education through platforms like Coursera [2]. His courses teach the core skills to millions of future AI workers around the world. This directly affects the supply and skill level of the global AI talent pool.

  • Defining Key Skills: Ng’s courses show which AI skills are most needed. This is key for planning your workforce.
  • Making Expertise Available to All: He has trained a large and diverse group of people. This gives companies more talent to hire from.
  • Guiding Company Training: Leaders can compare their team’s AI skills to industry standards. They can then match their training programs to what Ng teaches.

Actionable Strategy: Keep an eye on Ng’s courses. Use them to see what new skills are needed. Train your current teams and hire new people with these modern skills.

Forecasting and Shaping the Future of AI Innovation

Andrew Ng doesn’t just watch AI trends; he helps create them. His company, AI Fund, is a key indicator of future AI technologies [3]. By helping new companies grow, AI Fund shows which areas are ready for big changes. This gives business leaders a major competitive advantage.

  • Finding New Technologies: Following the companies in AI Fund’s portfolio shows the future of AI. This includes new ideas like Agentic AI and fresh uses in different industries.
  • Guiding R&D Spending: Leaders can direct their research and development money. They can invest in areas that are already showing promise.
  • Getting Ahead of Competitors: Early knowledge helps companies change their plans faster. This allows them to seize new opportunities before others do.

Actionable Strategy: Regularly review the investments and focus of AI Fund. Understand why they are backing certain companies. Think about how this could affect your industry and your long-term plans for 2025 and beyond.

Informing Strategic Investment and Partnerships

Ng’s companies attract a lot of money, great people, and key partners. His strong reputation sends a clear message to the market [4]. For business leaders, watching these trends helps with big decisions. This includes choices about mergers, buying other companies, and forming partnerships. It helps leaders decide where to invest their money.

  • Smarter Investing: See where big investments are going. This helps you decide which internal projects or company purchases to prioritize.
  • Finding Good Partners: Find companies to work with or potentially buy. They could add great value to your business.
  • Reducing Risk: Learn where new competitors or market changes might appear.

Actionable Strategy: Look into companies working with or funded by Ng’s network. See how they might benefit your own company. Think about how these partnerships could improve your place in the market and drive new ideas.

The Imperative for 2026 and Beyond: Andrew Ng is a guide to the future of AI. His companies offer a clear plan for executives. By following his work, leaders gain a real advantage. They can see market changes coming, find the right talent, and make smart choices. Add these insights to your business plan today. It will secure your company’s edge in the changing, AI-driven economy.

What is Andrew Ng known for?

Pioneering Online Education with Coursera

Andrew Ng greatly changed global education. He co-founded Coursera in 2012 to give more people access to high-quality learning. The platform made education available to everyone, especially in new fields like AI. Leaders agree that workers need to keep learning new skills. Coursera helps meet that need.

Its impact is clear. By 2023, Coursera had over 136 million learners worldwide [source: https://about.coursera.com/press/press-releases/coursera-reports-first-quarter-2023-results/]. This wide reach shows its role in building a global talent pool. Executives also want flexible ways to train their employees. Coursera provides the tools they need.

Key takeaways for executives include:

  • Talent Development: Use platforms like Coursera to build AI skills in your team. This is key for future success.
  • Skill Gap Resolution: Quickly fix skill gaps in your team. Online learning is fast and easy to adapt.
  • Continuous Learning Culture: Encourage your team to always be learning. Ng’s vision makes this possible.

Ng’s work with Coursera set a new standard. It showed how to share knowledge with millions. This idea is still vital for leaders as technology changes quickly in 2025 and beyond.

Founding the Google Brain Deep Learning Project

Ng’s time at Google was another key moment for AI. He founded and led the Google Brain Deep Learning Project. This project greatly shaped modern AI research. It pushed forward new ideas in neural networks and machine learning. Many AI tools used by businesses today began with this project.

The project’s early results were impressive. It showed how deep learning could be used for tasks like recognizing images and speech. This work built the foundation for Google’s AI tools. Top leaders know that long-term research is valuable. Google Brain is a perfect example of that kind of smart investment.

The strategic implications for business leaders are clear:

  • Pioneer Internal Innovation: Create special teams to research new tech. This can give your company a major advantage.
  • Invest in Core R&D: Focus on basic research, even if it doesn’t pay off immediately. This helps your company grow in the future.
  • Cultivate Top Talent: Hire top experts and give them the freedom to create. Their work can change your whole industry.

Ng’s leadership at Google Brain showed the power of a dedicated AI research team. Their work created the foundation for today’s widespread AI use. It provides a model for company innovation for 2026.

Driving Practical AI Adoption with Landing AI

After his work in academia and big tech, Ng focused on practical uses for AI. He founded Landing AI in 2017. The company helps bring AI solutions to industries like manufacturing. Ng saw that great AI research was not being used in the real world. Landing AI was created to fix that problem.

Landing AI promotes data-centric AI. This approach focuses on making data better, not just making AI models more complex. Its tools help companies use computer vision. This improves quality control and makes operations more efficient. Executives want to see a real return on their AI investments. Landing AI delivers these kinds of business results.

For high-level decision-makers, consider these strategic points:

  • Operationalize AI: Use AI to get fast, measurable results. Focus on tools that solve specific business problems.
  • Embrace Data-Centricity: Know that good data is the key to AI success. Invest in a solid plan for your data.
  • Target Core Processes: Use AI to improve key parts of your business. This includes areas like manufacturing and the supply chain.

Ng’s vision for Landing AI teaches an important lesson. AI must move out of the lab and into the real world. It needs to offer real value to many types of industries. This practical view is shaping how companies adopt AI in 2025.

Incubating Future AI Giants with AI Fund

Andrew Ng also helps advance AI by creating new companies. He started AI Fund in 2017. It is a venture studio that builds new AI companies from the ground up. AI Fund finds market needs and creates companies to solve them. It gives founders money, expert advice, and support. This helps them get products to market more quickly.

AI Fund has helped launch several promising companies. These businesses work across many industries using different AI tools. Ng’s deep knowledge of AI guides these investments. Entrepreneurs with new ideas often need this kind of support. AI Fund gives them a strong start.

Executives can glean several insights from AI Fund’s model:

  • Ecosystem Building: Support a group of related AI companies. They can work together to create bigger opportunities.
  • Strategic Investment: Find and fund core AI technologies. These investments can shape the future of the market.
  • De-risking Innovation: Use a venture studio model to lower the risks of starting a new company. This offers a more controlled way to support new ideas.

Through AI Fund, Ng is not just investing in AI; he is building the next generation of AI companies. This active approach helps create a growing and vibrant AI ecosystem for 2026 and beyond.

A Deep Dive into the Andrew Ng Companies Portfolio

Business professionals interacting with a holographic display showing a network of interconnected AI company logos.
Photorealistic, professional photography capturing a sophisticated visual metaphor for an interconnected portfolio of AI companies. A diverse group of three business professionals (two men, one woman, all mid-40s to early 50s, professionally dressed) are in a contemporary corporate innovation hub. They are subtly interacting with a holographic display or a large touch screen that visually represents a dynamic network of interconnected enterprise logos or glowing nodes, symbolizing different AI ventures. The focus is on synergy and comprehensive strategy. The background is clean and modern. High-quality stock photo style, corporate photography.

Coursera: The Democratization of AI Education

Andrew Ng wanted to make high-quality education easy to access. His vision led to Coursera. Launched in 2012, it is now a global leader in online learning. It helps professionals keep up with fast-changing technology. Leaders see its major impact on training workers.

Coursera makes new knowledge available to everyone. It helps people and companies around the world. The platform has special programs in AI, machine learning, and data science. These courses come from top universities and industry partners. By late 2023, Coursera had over 136 million learners worldwide [5]. This scale had never been seen before.

Value for Business Leaders:

  • Talent Development and Reskilling: Leaders use Coursera to train their current teams. This helps their staff stay competitive for 2025. It is a smart way to prevent future skill gaps.
  • Strategic Partnerships: Companies can work with Coursera to create custom training programs. This makes sure the training matches business goals. It also builds a culture of constant learning.
  • Global Talent Pool Access: The platform helps find and develop talent worldwide. This lets companies hire from a larger area. It helps them build a diverse, skilled team.
  • Leadership in AI Fluency: Ng’s own AI courses are a key starting point. They give leaders the basic knowledge to make complex AI decisions. Understanding AI is vital for setting business strategy.

Coursera is a key part of Ng’s work. It meets the urgent need for more people to have AI skills. This is vital for global competition in the mid-2020s. Top leaders view it as a key tool for preparing their companies for the future.

Landing AI: Transforming Manufacturing with Computer Vision

Andrew Ng’s Landing AI solves another important problem: making AI useful for factories. It helps engineers build and use AI tools. Landing AI is especially good at computer vision for making products and checking quality. It brings AI right onto the factory floor.

The company focuses on data-centric AI. This is different from the common focus on AI models. Instead of just improving the AI code, Landing AI stresses the need for high-quality data. It offers tools to organize and manage data well. This makes AI models perform much better. Industry leaders praise this practical approach [6].

Benefits for Company Operations:

  • Better Quality Control: Landing AI’s systems use computer vision to find product flaws with great accuracy. This cuts down on waste and makes products more reliable. It also leads to big cost savings.
  • More Efficiency: Automating visual checks frees up workers. They can then focus on more complex tasks. This makes production lines faster and more effective.
  • AI for Everyone: Its easy-to-use tools let factory engineers build AI systems. They do not need to be AI experts. This helps internal teams use AI much faster.
  • Better Insights from Data: The focus on data creates cleaner, more reliable information. This gives leaders a better view of production problems. It helps them make smarter decisions based on data.

By 2026, factories will need to be more precise and efficient. Landing AI gives companies a clear path to use advanced AI. It delivers real results and a return on investment. This helps transform large-scale operations and creates a competitive edge.

AI Fund: A Venture Studio Building AI From the Ground Up

AI Fund is Andrew Ng’s venture studio. It builds new AI companies from scratch. This is different from a typical investment firm. AI Fund looks for important gaps in the AI market. Then, it gathers the right people and resources to build a company to fill those gaps.

The studio’s model is unique. It combines money with hands-on support to help new AI companies grow. Ng and his team give expert technical advice and guidance. This greatly increases a new company’s chance of success [7]. In this way, AI Fund is shaping the future of the AI industry.

What This Means for Business Leaders:

  • Spotting AI Trends Early: AI Fund’s companies show new and emerging uses for AI across many industries. Leaders can watch these companies to spot future market trends.
  • A Model for Innovation: The venture studio model shows how to test and grow AI ideas quickly. Businesses can use these methods for their own innovation teams. This helps them create new things faster.
  • Partnership Opportunities: Businesses can find partners or companies to buy within AI Fund’s network. This offers direct access to new and powerful AI solutions.
  • A Magnet for Talent: AI Fund attracts top AI experts from around the world. By watching who they hire, other companies can see where the best people are working. This is key for hiring strategies in 2025.

AI Fund is more than just an investor. It is actively building the future of AI. Its investments pave the way for the next generation of AI tools. For leaders who think ahead, watching AI Fund offers a valuable preview of the changing world of AI.

The Strategic Blueprint: What Unites Andrew Ng’s Companies?

A Focus on Scalable Education and Empowerment

Andrew Ng’s companies focus on spreading knowledge and empowering people. This idea guides all of his work. He knows that for AI to reach its full potential, people need to understand it and have tools to use it.

Coursera is a great example of this. It makes high-quality education available to everyone, including advanced AI topics [8]. Millions of people have taken AI courses on the platform. This creates a supply of skilled workers for industries around the world.

But Ng’s vision is not just about academic learning. He also wants to empower people already in the workforce. Leaders know that skills must keep up as technology changes quickly. Coursera for Business, for example, offers special solutions for companies.

For leaders, this points to a clear need:

  • Internal Talent Development: Invest in training for your teams that is easy to access and can grow with your company.
  • Bridging Skill Gaps: Fix the AI talent shortage in your company by teaching new skills to your current employees.
  • Fostering Innovation: Teaching employees about AI helps them find new ideas and solve problems.

By 2026, companies that don’t focus on this type of training may fall behind their competitors. This is a key lesson from Ng’s work.

Emphasis on Data-Centric AI vs. Model-Centric AI

All of Ng’s companies strongly support Data-Centric AI. He believes that improving data quality helps AI perform better than just tweaking the AI models [9]. This is very different from the old way, which focused only on the model.

Landing AI shows this idea in action. Its tools are made for industrial companies. These companies often have large amounts of data that are messy or poorly organized. Landing AI focuses on fixing this core data. This allows simpler AI models to work well in the real world.

Ng’s firm belief in a data-centric approach sets his work apart. It shifts the focus away from just picking the right algorithm. Instead, it highlights how important clean, well-organized data is.

For top executives, this provides clear steps:

  • Prioritize Data Strategy: Make data a top priority. Discuss how you manage, collect, and label data at the highest levels.
  • Invest in Data Infrastructure: Build a strong foundation. Get the right tools and systems to prepare and manage your data.
  • Shift Team Focus: Ask your data scientists to spend more time improving data quality, not just the model design.

As Ng himself stated, “For most practical applications today, if you want to improve a system, improving the data is often easier and more impactful than improving the code.” This idea should guide how leaders invest in AI in 2025.

Building Foundational Ecosystems for Widespread Adoption

Andrew Ng does more than just build single companies. He builds systems of companies that work together. This helps more people adopt AI. Each company has its own role, but they are all connected. He knows that real change needs more than new tech; it also needs a supportive environment.

Think about how they work together:

  • Coursera builds the worldwide talent pool. It teaches millions, creating a workforce that can build and use AI. This fills the need for skilled people.
  • Landing AI provides useful tools and methods. It helps companies use AI in their actual business, especially in manufacturing. This helps put AI to work.
  • AI Fund helps start and grow new AI companies. This creates a steady stream of new ideas and tools. It also finds new market opportunities.

This complete approach creates a cycle where each part helps the others. Talent learns (Coursera), applies skills (Landing AI), and creates new things (AI Fund). It helps make AI a powerful force for change around the world.

For smart leaders, this plan offers key ideas for your own strategy:

  • Holistic AI Strategy: Look beyond single AI projects. Create a complete plan that covers skilled people, the right tools, and ways to innovate.
  • Industry-Specific Ecosystems: Look for ways to join or create groups that use AI in your field. This can help everyone grow and set common standards.
  • Long-Term Vision: Think long-term. Ng is successful because he builds for the future, not just for today. This creates a lasting advantage for 2026 and beyond.

By understanding this plan, leaders can help their companies get the most out of AI.

What’s the Next Frontier for Andrew Ng’s AI Empire in 2025?

The Rise of Agentic AI

The year 2025 will be a big change for AI. Andrew Ng’s vision points to the rise of Agentic AI. These are not simple systems. They can plan, think, and take a series of steps to reach complex goals.

Ng has noted the power of AI agents using large language models (LLMs) [10]. This change means AI will handle tasks with many steps on its own. It will also adapt quickly to new situations. AI is becoming less of a tool and more of a smart partner.

It is very important for leaders to understand Agentic AI. It can bring much more automation and efficiency. Think about what this means:

  • Autonomous Operations: AI agents could manage supply chains. They could improve logistics or handle all of customer service.
  • Enhanced Problem-Solving: These systems can analyze hard business problems. Then, they can create and carry out solutions. This greatly reduces the need for human help.
  • New Business Models: Companies can build new services using these smart agents. This could change traditional industries.

This is a new area that requires action. Companies must get their systems and teams ready for this change.

Expanding AI’s Reach Beyond the Tech Sector

Andrew Ng has always supported using AI everywhere. His company, Landing AI, is a great example. Landing AI uses computer vision to change manufacturing. This shows AI’s power outside of the tech world.

By 2025, his work will help bring AI to more non-tech industries. These industries often face special problems. AI can offer great solutions. Key areas include:

  • Healthcare: AI can offer custom care for patients. It can also speed up drug research and improve how hospitals run [11].
  • Agriculture: AI is ready to help with precision farming, getting more from crops, and finding diseases.
  • Logistics and Transportation: Self-driving vehicles and better route planning will improve greatly.
  • Financial Services: AI helps find fraud, check for risks, and give personal financial advice.

Leaders need to know that AI is not just for software companies. Every industry can benefit. It is key to find the biggest problems in your industry. Then, you can use AI to solve those specific problems.

Strategic Takeaways for Today’s Executives

Andrew Ng’s career teaches important lessons for leaders. He focuses on making AI available to all, putting data first, and building strong support systems. This shows a clear path. To succeed in this changing world, leaders must act now. Here are the key steps:

  • Focus on Your Data Strategy: Use a data-centric AI approach. Good data is the fuel for great AI. This is more important than ever. Invest in good ways to collect, label, and manage data.
  • Promote AI Skills Company-Wide: Train your employees. Offer good AI education for everyone. This helps teams use AI tools well. It also gets them ready for agentic systems.
  • Test Agentic AI on Key Tasks: Find areas where smart agents can bring big rewards. Start with small test projects. Focus on tasks that need many steps and quick changes.
  • Look Beyond Tech Uses: Find special chances for AI in your own industry. Landing AI shows how AI can change manufacturing. What can it do for your business?
  • Build Mixed AI Teams: Put your industry experts and AI experts on the same team. This mix creates useful solutions that work. It connects what the technology can do with what the business needs.
  • Create Rules for Ethical AI: As AI works more on its own, ethical issues grow. Make clear rules for using and watching AI responsibly.

The future of AI is not just about new tech. It is about changing how you work and plan. Ng’s work gives us a model for this change. So, you should engage with these trends now. Build your company’s future with the smart use of AI.

Frequently Asked Questions About Andrew Ng

How much of Coursera does Andrew Ng own?

As a co-founder of Coursera, Andrew Ng owned a large part of the company in its early years. His vision helped make it a global leader in online education. Today, his exact ownership percentage changes with the stock market and public offerings.

When Coursera went public (IPO) in March 2021, public documents showed that Andrew Ng owned about 4.0% of Coursera’s Class B common stock [12]. While this is a large holding, it is a minority stake. This is common for companies that raise money from investors and then go public.

For leaders, Ng’s stock ownership is less important than his lasting impact. His move to new companies like Landing AI and AI Fund shows his focus on the future of AI. Still, his early work at Coursera continues to shape business learning. A founder’s impact is about more than just equity; it shows up in a company’s culture, mission, and future plans.

Who are the big 4 of AI?

The “Big 4” in AI is not a fixed group. It changes quickly as technology and markets shift. However, in early 2025, the most powerful companies are known for their vast resources and wide reach. They typically include:

  • Microsoft: With large investments in OpenAI and its use in Azure and Copilot, Microsoft has secured its spot. Its cloud platform powers many AI projects around the world.
  • Google (Alphabet): A leader in AI research with DeepMind and huge amounts of data, Google creates innovative products like Gemini and Google Cloud AI.
  • Amazon (AWS): As the top cloud platform, Amazon Web Services provides the foundation for many AI companies. Its work in generative AI, machine learning, and robotics shows its broad impact.
  • NVIDIA: While not a software company, NVIDIA’s GPU technology is the key hardware that powers most of the world’s AI. Its software and tools are essential to the industry.

These companies have unmatched access to computing power, data, top talent, and business relationships. For other players in the market, decisions often depend on partnering with or competing against this “Big 4.” Leaders should study their strategies to plan how their own companies will adopt AI.

What are the top 10 AI companies?

Choosing the “top 10 AI companies” in 2025 means looking at company value, innovation, and overall impact. The field is always changing, but these key players are leading the way:

  1. Microsoft: A leader in business AI, thanks to its key partnership with OpenAI [13].
  2. Google (Alphabet): Making progress in AI that understands text, images, and sound, as well as in search and cloud services.
  3. NVIDIA: Essential for AI hardware. It provides the computing power needed for deep learning and generative AI.
  4. Amazon (AWS): The top provider of cloud AI services, offering a full set of machine learning tools.
  5. OpenAI: A pioneer in generative AI. Its models, like GPT and DALL-E, are changing content creation and coding.
  6. Meta: Investing heavily in open-source AI models (like Llama) and building AI for the metaverse.
  7. Databricks: A top data and AI company. It helps businesses build and manage large machine learning projects.
  8. Anthropic: A rising star in generative AI. It focuses on creating safe, controllable AI systems like its model Claude.
  9. Tesla: Changing self-driving cars and robotics with its advanced AI and vision systems.
  10. IBM: Focusing on AI for business, especially cloud AI and automation, with its WatsonX platform.

For business leaders, this list shows the many ways AI is used, from basic hardware to tools for business, content creation, and cars. Understanding the strengths of these companies can help you find partners, spot competitors, and decide where to invest in AI for your own company.


Sources

  1. https://landing.ai/what-is-data-centric-ai/
  2. https://www.coursera.org/andrew-ng
  3. https://aifund.ai/our-companies
  4. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesai/2021/04/28/andrew-ng-has-a-new-fund-and-wants-to-build-new-ai-companies/
  5. https://about.coursera.com/press/press-releases/coursera-reports-strong-third-quarter-2023-results
  6. https://landing.ai/data-centric-ai-the-next-frontier/
  7. https://www.aifund.ai/about-us
  8. https://www.coursera.org/
  9. https://www.landing.ai/what-is-data-centric-ai/
  10. https://www.deeplearning.ai/the-batch/andrew-ng-highlights-the-potential-of-ai-agents/
  11. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/the-next-frontier-in-healthcare-ai-unleashing-its-full-potential
  12. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1572151/000119312521081729/d10825ds1.htm
  13. https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/ai/openai-microsoft-supercomputing-ai/